asceticism
61Jainism — /juy niz euhm/, n. a dualistic religion founded in the 6th century B.C. as a revolt against current Hinduism and emphasizing the perfectibility of human nature and liberation of the soul, esp. through asceticism and nonviolence toward all living… …
62Muḥāsibī, al- — born с 781, Al Baṣrah died 857, Baghdad Sufi theologian. He was reared in Baghdad in a prosperous family. He evolved a rationalist theology, advancing his ideas in didactic conversations with his pupils and in books written in the form of… …
63Byzantine Literature — • The four cultural elements included are the Greek, the Christian, the Roman, and the Oriental Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Byzantine Literature Byzantine Literature …
64KABBALAH — This entry is arranged according to the following outline: introduction general notes terms used for kabbalah the historical development of the kabbalah the early beginnings of mysticism and esotericism apocalyptic esotericism and merkabah… …
65Priscillian — Priscillian, bishop of Ávila (died 385), a theologian from Roman Gallaecia (in the Iberian Peninsula), was the first person in the history of Christianity to be executed for heresy (though the civil charges were for the practice of magic). He… …
66Cynic — The Cynics ( el. Κυνικοί, la. Cynici) were an influential group of philosophers from the ancient school of Cynicism. Their philosophy was that the purpose of life was to live a life of Virtue in agreement with Nature. This meant rejecting all… …
67Mortification of the flesh — For the theological doctrine, see Mortification (theology). For the theological doctrine from a Roman Catholic perspective, see Mortification in Roman Catholic teaching. For the Christian metal band, see Mortification (band). Flagellants… …
68Desert Fathers — Coptic icon of Saint Anthony the Great. The Desert Fathers were hermits, ascetics, monks, and nuns (Desert Mothers) who lived mainly in the Scetes desert of Egypt beginning around the third century AD. The most well known was Anthony the Great,… …
69Hasidic philosophy — This article is about Hasidic philosophy. For an overview of the Hasidic movement, see Hasidic Judaism. Hasidus called the Torah of the Baal Shem Tov and his Wellsprings , after his account in a letter to Gershon of Kitov about the elevation of… …
70Buddha — /booh deuh, bood euh/, n. 1. Also called Butsu, Gautama, Gautama Buddha. (Prince Siddhattha or Siddhartha) 566? c480 B.C., Indian religious leader: founder of Buddhism. 2. any of a series of teachers in Buddhism, of whom Gautama was the last, who …
